While many gay men struggle with these issues, scientific research on the effect of masculine ideals on gay men is lacking. Yet, the reality is that traditional masculine ideals affect how gay men feel about themselves ( Szymanski & Carr, 2008) and their same-sex relationships ( Wester, Pionke, & Vogel, 2005). These real-life examples and the suggestion that masculine ideals significantly affect many gay men may surprise people who are not intimately familiar with the gay community-a community that is often perceived as accepting of individual differences. “A site for guys that like sports, can change their own car’s oil, or just don’t fit the effeminate stereotype” (text taken from Website’s homepage)-offered an on-line discussion area where many posting revered traditional masculine ideals and expressed hostility towards effeminate gay men (see Clarkson, 2006). Frontiers Magazine-a Southern California gay entertainment magazine-featured a cover story entitled “Butch is Back,” which explored how the repackaging of a Los Angeles leather-themed gay bar was redefining masculine ideals in the local gay community ( Cullinane, 2007). For instance, Bergling (2001) reported on gay men who rigidly enact traditional masculine ideals and experience a “fear” of effeminate gay men.
The topic of how and why gay men are affected by this repeatedly appears within the popular gay press (e.g., Alvear, 2004 Cummings, 1999 Rice, 2006) and sparks controversy within the gay community. Societal conceptions of masculinity affect the self-image and relationships of many gay men in the United States (U.S.). Reported Effects of Masculine Ideals on Gay Men While research on gay men’s experience with masculinity continues, psychologists should consider the possible influence of traditional masculine ideals when conceptualizing their gay male clients. Additionally, more adverse versus positive effects on self-image and same-sex romantic relationships were reported including difficulty being emotional and affectionate, pressure to be physically attractive, and pressure to appear masculine in order to be accepted by society and to be seen as desirable by other gay men.
Findings supported previous reports that perceptions of gender roles among gay men appear based on masculine and feminine stereotypes. Written responses were collected from 547 self-identified gay men in the U.S.
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